About the terms "transsexual" and "transgendered":
We are using the term "transsexual" to refer to people who are undergoing or have undergone gender transition ("sex change"). "Transgendered" is a broader term, generally used to include any person who feels their assigned gender does not completely or adequately reflect their internal gender. Transgendered people may or may not take steps to live as a different gender.

 

About "sex" vs. "gender":
Social scientists make careful distinctions between these two terms. "Sex" generally refers to biology, to the actual form of the human body, including such factors as chromosomes, genital configuration, and secondary sex characteristics, while "gender" refers to the social meanings and characteristics associated with certain types of people.

In this document, we will attempt to adhere to this usage, but not too strictly. Because transsexuals combine sex and gender in various ways, sorting out exactly what is about "sex" vs. what is about "gender" can get a little tricky.

 

Transsexualism is a condition in which a person experiences a discontinuity between their assigned sex and what they feel their core gender is. For example, a person who was identified as "female" at birth, raised as a girl, and has lived being perceived by others as a woman, may feel that their core sense of who they are is a closer fit with "male" or "man." If this sense is strong and persistent, this person may decide to take steps to ensure that others perceive them as a man. In other words, they may decide to transition to living as the sex that more closely matches their internal gender.

 

The answer to this question varies depending on the needs and desires of the individual choosing the transition process. An individual may choose any combination of social, medical and legal steps that will help that person achieve the greatest level of comfort with their body and social roles.

Social steps might include asking to be referred to by a different name (perhaps one generally given to people of the "opposite sex") and different pronouns ("she" instead of "he" or vice versa), dressing in clothing traditionally worn by people of the sex they wish to be perceived as, and taking on mannerisms frequently associated with that sex/gender.

Medical steps might include hormonal treatment to achieve an appearance more consistent with the target gender expression, and/or surgery to further modify the appearance. There are a variety of surgical options to alter the transsexual person's body to help them achieve the greatest comfort with their gender expression. The transsexual person may choose some, all, or none of these surgical options.

Many transsexual people also work with the courts in their area to achieve legal recognition of their new name and gender. Steps taken vary depending on the location.

 

No one knows the answer to this question, although there is much research currently in progress investigating it. Among the theories being investigated are genetic influences, in utero hormonal influences, and other brain structure/brain chemical influences.

Human sex and gender are very complex, and it is unlikely that any simplistic analysis will definitively answer this question.

 

Treatments for transsexualism based on attempting to change the individual's sense of their own true gender have proven ineffective. Accepted treatments are based on helping the transsexual person's body and presentation match their inner sense of their gender, usually through hormone treatment and surgery.

How common is transsexualism?

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), Fourth edition, says the following (© 1994, American Psychiatric Assoc.):

Prevalence:
There are no recent epidemiological studies to provide data on prevalence of Gender Identity Disorder. Data from smaller countries in Europe with access to total population statistics and referrals suggest that roughly 1 per 30,000 adult males and 1 per 100,000 adult females seek sex-reassignment surgery.
Because these numbers reflect only people who have sought traditional medical treatment, they do not reflect the total numbers of people who have some experience of gender discontinuity.

 

While advances in medical science have only in the last few decades made it possible for individuals to transition with the aid of hormones and surgery, transgendered people have existed throughout history in many societies.
Jennifer Reitz's Natural History of Transsexuality provides a brief historical overview.

 

No. Transsexualism is about a person's core sense of their gender. This is a separate issue from the gender of the people they are attracted to.

Just like any other individual, a transsexual person may identify as heterosexual, gay, lesbian, or bisexual. For example, a person raised as a man who transitions to living as a woman may identify as heterosexual, in which case she would seek relationships with men, or lesbian, in which case she would seek relationships with other women.

 

 

1. “The person I thought I knew is becoming a stranger.”

 

A person we know who undergoes gender transition will very likely look and sound quite different after their transition. A person we've known as a woman, for instance, may change his hairstyle, grow facial hair, speak with a lower voice, and adopt an entirely new wardrobe. But he's not likely to adopt an entirely new personality or set of values, and our history with this person is unchanged. Think of any person you care about, and ask yourself what qualities you value most about her or him. You are likely to think of qualities which are not gender-specific, such as sense of humor, intelligence, and loyalty. These qualities are not likely to change as a person undergoes gender transition. In fact, a person who undergoes gender transition is in a process of becoming more comfortable with himself or herself, and so their positive qualities are likely to be enhanced.

It can be scary when someone in your life tells you they need to make such a major change, and it's understandable that you may feel you don't know this person as well as you thought. But if you continue to spend time together, you will likely be comforted to find that they are in many ways the same person you have always known.

 

2. "Altering the body through surgery seems like mutilation."

This is also an understandable response. To those of us who are comfortable with our assigned gender, the idea of altering those parts of our bodies that are most associated with our gender can feel alien, frightening, and disturbing.

Another person's decision to alter parts of their body can feel threatening. It may help to remember that a person undergoing transition from, for instance, a male to female gender expression, is not making a blanket statement about the value of malehood or the validity of your gender expression. She is simply seeking to become more comfortable in her body.

Sex reassignment surgery is the aspect of gender transition that is most difficult for some people to understand, and you may never feel comfortable with it. That's OK. But that discomfort doesn't preclude honoring another person's choice, treating them with respect, and even supporting them through their gender transition.

 

3. “I can't imagine the person ever seeming to me like the sex they want to be.”

 

It's hard to let go of our perceptions of someone we've known for a long time. Changes in a person's appearance and behavior can occur gradually, and may be difficult to perceive if you are in regular contact. But if you pay attention to how strangers react to the person, it may help you to see these changes. On the other hand, the gradualness of the change may help you to adapt to the new gender identity step-by-step. You may be surprised, in time, at how completely you accept the person's new chosen gender.

It is true, however, that some people who undergo gender transition will continue to have significant characteristics of their previous gender identity. Some male-to-female transsexuals, for instance, may be unusually tall for women, while a female-to-male transsexual may have small features. It may help if you avoid focusing on these specific things, but rather honor the person's chosen gender, and try to see them as they see themselves.

 

4. “How can I support this person in their transformation?”

There are many ways you can be helpful. Perhaps the most important is to convey your intention to be supportive to the person in transition. Let them know you want to be an ally, and ask them what they need from you. Then, to the extent you are able, offer them the support they've asked for.

We can offer a couple of specific ideas as well. First, you can adopt the use of the person's new name (if they've chosen one) and appropriate gender pronouns. This change can be uncomfortable at first, and you may slip up once in a while, but eventually this change becomes habitual and comfortable. This small but very important step will demonstrate that you take the person's decision seriously.

You can also try to maintain your previous relationship with the person, whether that's the intimate relationship of close friends or once-a-month bowling buddies. Gender transition is new territory for many people, and hence can be scary.

"Hanging in" with the person in transition despite feelings of discomfort with the process can be a very supportive act. Also, you may ask the person in transition how you can help in letting others know about their transition. They may want to tell people themselves, or they may be grateful for help "spreading the word." There may be certain contexts--the softball team, a church you both attend, or the workplace--where your assistance in telling others and expressing your support will be appreciated. Let them be your guide in this.

 

 

IFGE: The International Foundation for Gender Education (http://www.ifge.org/)
"A leading advocate and educational organization for promoting the self-definition and free expression of individual gender identity. IFGE is not a support group, it is an information provider and clearinghouse... IFGE maintains the most complete bookstore on the subject of transgenderism available anywhere."

 

GEA: Gender Education and Advocacy - Gender.org (http://www.gender.org/)
"...is a national organization focused on the needs, issues and concerns of gender variant people in human society. We seek to educate and advocate, not only for ourselves and others like us, but for all human beings who suffer from gender-based oppression in all of its many forms "

 

Jennifer Reitz' Transsexuality Page (http://transsexual.org/)
A lot of good information for trans folks, as well as some interesting general info about gender issues.
Sections include: "What exactly is Transsexuality?; The reasons to cherish being transsexual; Why you don't want to be a woman or a man; What can I expect long term?; What is it like to be transsexual?."

 

Lisa's [Lees] Interstitial Gender Diversity Resource Page (http://www.lisalees.com/trans/)
Some great educational handouts and pointers to other resources. A wonderful archive of trans folks' letters announcing their transition.

 

Transgenderism (http://www.altsex.org/transgender/Nangeroni.html)
An article by Nancy R. Nangeroni of IFGE. A very good basic discussion with definitions of terms.

 

Transsexualism and Gender Identity Disorder (http://www.avitale.com/)
Dr. Anne Vitale's site. "The intent of this web site is to educate the reader to the psychotherapeutic issues of gender identity."

 

FAQ: Hormone Therapy for Transsexuals (http://www.jennifer-o.com/Hormones/FAQ.htm)
Separate sections for female-to-male and male-to-female transsexuals.

 

Standards Of Care For Gender Identity Disorders (http://www.hbigda.org/soc.html) (Judith Marty is a member of HBIGDA)

Issued by the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association. This outlines suggested protocols transsexuals must conform to to receive treatment from participating medical professionals.

 

Transexual Menace (http://www.helenavelena.com/tsmenace/)
An "International Nonviolent Direct-Action Group focusing on the issues facing the Transgender Community."

 

GenderPAC (http://www.gpac.org/)
"...works to end discrimination and violence caused by gender stereotypes by changing public attitudes, educating elected officials and expanding legal rights. "

Resources specifically for female-to-male transgendered/transsexual people

FTM International (http://www.ftmi.org/)
"...the internet contact point for the largest, longest-running educational organization serving FTM transgendered people and transsexual men. "

 

American Boyz (http://www.amboyz.org/)
"...an organization which aims to support people who were labeled female at birth but who feel that is not an accurate or complete description of who they are (FTMs) and their significant others, friends, families and allies "
Resources specifically for male-to-female transgendered/transsexual people

 

Transsexual Women's Resources (http://www.annelawrence.com/)
Dr. Anne Lawrence's page. Contents includes a lot of good information about hormones and surgery, plus pointers to other resources, including resources specifically for young transsexuals.

 

Renaissance: Transgender Information & Support (http://www.ren.org/)
A "transgender education organization and the largest open membership support group in the world." Primarily for male-to-female trans folks, including cross-dressers and others.

Information for family, friends, employers and others
Frequently Asked Questions: Family Issues
From the Usenet newsgroup soc.support.transgendered.

 

TGS-PFLAG Frequently Asked Questions (http://www.critpath.org/pflag-talk/tgsfaq.html)
Web page associated with the TGS-PFLAG mailing list, a list "for support of parents, family, spouses and friends of transgendered people and transgenders who wish to discuss family or other personal relationships."

TransFamily (http://www.transfamily.org/)
"...a support group for transgendered and transsexual people, their parents, partners, children, other family members, friends, and supportive others. We provide referrals, literature, and over-the-phone information on all transgender issues "

 

A Parent's Dilemma, the Transgender Child (http://www.firelily.com/gender/gianna/dilemma.html)
Well-written article by counselor and gender specialist Gianna E. Israel.

A Lover's Leap of Faith (http://www.tsfaq.info/flgc-speech.html): A Speech Given at the Friends (Quakers) for Lesbian and Gay Concerns Midwinter Gathering, February, 1999

The lesbian lover of an FTM writes from a faith-based perspective about her partner's gender transition and its effects on her.

 

Lisa's Luv Shack (http://www.geocities.com/alwayslisa_99/)
"...a SOFFA [(Significant Others, Friends, Family and Allies)] site for the transgendered community. This is a place where diversity is embraced and everyone is welcome. ... What you will find here is information, support and friendship for those who are transgendered and those who love them."

Human Rights Campaign's Transgenderism and Transition in the Workplace (http://www.hrc.org/worknet/transgender/index.asp)
"...a guide that examines transgender workplace issues, including a discussion of the law and strategies for dealing with transitioning on the job." For both workers and employers.

 

Transsexualism: Notes for Employers (http://www.looking-glass.greenend.org.uk/work.htm)
"This document is intended to provide guidance to Managers and Employers of persons diagnosed with Transsexualism. It details the current legal position [in the UK] regarding such persons' employment rights, and makes recommendations for 'best practice' ways of dealing with transsexualism in the workplace."

Books
 

General information

Boenke, Mary (ed.) Trans Forming Families: Real Stories About Transgendered Loved Ones. Waterford Press, 1999.

Brown, Mildred L. True Selves : Understanding Transsexualism-For Families, Friends, Coworkers, and Helping Professionals. San Francisco : Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1996.

Burke, Phyllis. Gender Shock: Exploding the Myths of Male and Female. Anchor Books, 1996.

Cameron, Loren. Body Alchemy: Transsexual Portraits. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Cleis Press, 1996.

Cole, Dana. The Employer's Guide to Gender Transition. Waltham, MA: IFGE, 1992.

Devor, Holly. FTM: Female to Male Transsexuals in Society. Bloomington : Indiana University Press, 1997.

Israel, Gianna E., et al. Transgender Care : Recommended Guidelines, Practical Information, and Personal Accounts. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997.

Kirk, Sheila M.D. Feminizing Hormonal Therapy for the Transgendered. Blawnox, PA: Together Lifeworks, 1996.

Kirk, Sheila M.D. Masculinizing Hormonal Therapy for the Transgendered. Blawnox, PA: Together Lifeworks, 1996.

Kirk, Sheila M.D. and Martine Rothblatt, J.D. Medical, Legal & Workplace Issues for the Transsexual. Blawnox, PA: Together Lifeworks, 1995.

 

Theory, politics, background

Bornstein, Kate. Gender Outlaw: On Men, Women and the Rest of Us. New York : Routledge, 1994.

Califia, Pat. Sex Changes: The Politics of Transgenderism. San Francisco, Calif. : Cleis Press, 1997.

Feinberg, Leslie. Transgender Warriors: Making History from Joan of Arc to Rupaul. Boston : Beacon Press, 1996. Also see Leslie's web site.

Wilchins, Riki Anne. Read My Lips : Sexual Subversion and the End of Gender. Ithaca, NY: Firebrand, 1997.